Contents of the textbook
Contents
1
Properties of carbon dioxide
1.1
General data
1.2
Molecular structure
1.3
Radiation absorption
2
The importance of carbon dioxide
2.1
Carbon dioxide as the basis of life
2.2
CO
2
as a greenhouse gas
2.3
The carbon footprint
2.4
The carbon balance of the earth
3
Carbon dioxide content of air
3.1
Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
3.1.1
Historical development of the CO
2
content of the atmosphere
3.1.2
The inorganic carbon cycle
3.1.3
The organic carbon cycle
3.1.4
Measurements of the CO
2
content of the atmosphere
3.1.5
Current situation
3.2
Carbon dioxide in the soil air
4
The carbonic acid system in water
4.1
Solution of gaseous CO
2
in water
4.2
CO
2
and the pH value of natural waters
4.3
Chemical reaction with water - the carbonic acid forms
4.4
The simplified carbonic acid system
4.5
The Equilibrium constants
4.5.1
Formation of carbonic acid (hydration)
4.5.2
The dissociation constants of carbonic acid
4.5.3
Proportions of carbonic acid forms
4.6
Buffering
4.7
Solution of lime in water
4.7.1
Preliminary note on lime
4.7.2
Lime solution
5
The importance of CO
2
in the water cycle
5.1
Weathering
5.2
Rainwater
5.3
Leachate
5.4
Groundwater
5.5
Spring water
5.6
Running waters
5.7
Lakes
5.7.1
Carbon cycle in standing water
5.8
World Oceans
5.9
Raw water for drinking water treatment
5.10
Cold water geysers
5.11
Hardly soluble carbonates
6
Thought model for carbonic acid in water
6.1
Open system
6.2
Closed system
7
Basics for calculations
7.1
Calculation of the constants in the carbonic acid system
7.1.1
Solubility constants for CO
2
7.1.2
The equilibrium constants in the base system
7.2
Analytical detection of carbonic acid forms
7.2.1
TIC and DIC
7.2.2
Determination of acid and base capacity
7.2.3
m-value and p-value
7.2.4
Equivalence factor
7.3
Calculation of the buffering intensity
7.4
The importance of temperature
7.5
Consideration of ionic strength and activity
7.6
Complexation reactions
7.7
Consideration of the m-value with complex formation
7.8
Summary of the required analysis data
8
Evaluation variables for the carbonic acid system
8.1
Saturation pH value after adjustment with calcite (pH
C
)
8.2
Saturation pH value after carbon dioxide exchange (pHA)
8.3
Saturation pH value according to STROHECKER/LANGELIER (pH
L
)
8.4
Delta pH value (ΔpH)
8.4.1
Measurement of the ΔpH value
8.5
Saturation index SI
8.6
Calcite dissolving capacity and calcite separation capacity
9
Water treatment
9.1
Deacidification in drinking water treatment
9.1.1
Legal regulations
9.1.2
Basics of deacidification
9.1.3
Physical deacidification
9.1.4
Chemical deacidification
9.1.5
Examples of process variants
9.1.6
Chemical reactions in the deacidification processes
9.1.7
Final pH values of different deacidification methods
9.2
Decarbonization / Softening
9.2.1
Delimitation of terms
9.2.2
Precipitation process
9.2.3
Ion exchange process
9.2.4
Membrane process
9.2.5
Effects of the procedures
10
Sample calculations
10.1
Carbon content of the atmosphere
10.2
CO
2
concentration in the air
10.3
Solubility of CO
2
in water
10.4
Solution of CO
2
in leachate
10.5
pH value of a CO
2
solution
10.6
Supplementary consideration of the lime-carbonic acid system
10.7
Calculation of the carbonic acid content
10.7.1
Calculation of carbonic acid contents with complex formation
10.8
Thought model for carbonic acid in water: Open system
10.9
Calculation of the carbonic acid shapes from the TIC
10.10Acid capacity of pure water
10.11
Saturation index
11
Chemical Basics in Brief
11.1
Basic terms and concentration information
11.2
Ionic strength and activity
11.3
The law of mass action
11.4
pH value
11.5
Acids
11.6
Buffering
11.7
The solubility product
12
Tables
12.1
Values for the HENRY constant
12.2
Base constants as a function of temperature
12.3
Proportions of carbonic acid forms as a function of pH value
12.4
Constants of the complexation of calcium
12.5
Constants of the complexation of magnesium
13
Formula symbols and abbreviations
14
Bibliography
15
Keyword index
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ISBN
: 978-3-7578-2450-1
Carbon Dioxide
ISBN
: 978-3-7578-9032-2